In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

The current set up of Iranian banking system is the continuation of previous structure and nothing has changed in the banking organization after the passage and implementation of law of interest free banking operations. The changes introduced in the arrangements of banks after the enactment of the Law, were confined to the nationalization and merger of these banks. While non-interest banking operation is essentially different from interest based banking system, the lack of an appropriate structure has caused Iran's banking system to remain far from an interest free and efficient system. The low share of banks direct investment, noncontingent return, the incompatibility of intermediation with principle-agent method, lack of commitment to the nature of contracts, inverse selection, and moral hazards are the major implications of Iranian banking system remaining unchanged. The research aims at presenting a model for restructuring the Iranian banking system- in conformity with interest free financial system. To keep the intermediatory nature of bank, its dual legal entity, and monetary and capital sectors, as it is the case in conventional banking operations, Iranian banks' should only act as financial intermediators and hand over the investment and agent tasks to appropriate institutions. Thus, the current banking system must undergo three changes. First, bank operations should be limited to handling current accounts, beneficiary loan deposits and other common banking services. Secondly, banks should not accept time investment deposits, this task will be handed over gradually to the related institutions. Thirdly, specialized banks should be transformed into commercial investment banks. In this model, the interest will be eliminated and the specialization of financial institutes will help decrease the informational asymmetry. As a result, direct investment will increase and the economic growth will accelerate.

Privatization of power sector and establishment of competition in power supplying process, raised unprecedented challenges in power system operation and planning fields, such as preventive maintenance scheduling which was formerly, in traditional environment, managed centrally by dispatching center. Dispatching center role having been changed in restructured power systems, power producing companies play a more important role in PM scheduling process. The conflict between dispatching center being concerned about power system reliability and stability, and power generating companies profit maximization based behavior which cannot be defined properly thorough traditional optimization theory, may be modeled satisfactory thorough Game theory approaches. In this paper, after modeling and solving PM scheduling process thorough game theory, discusses about resultant equilibrium states and predicts different power generation technologies behavior.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

One of the basic problems of banking system in current conjecture, is increasing the amount of non performing loans compared with total extended facilities of banks. Some customers of banks, despite their willingness to pay their debts, do not have the sufficient payment power at the appointed maturity, but, if in case, there is any banking cooperation for restructuring of debts, they may continue the activities of their firms and will settle their debts in a gradual manner, within the specified time. However, with respect to importance of restructuring issue, the banking system has designed and implemented different strategies, which although, they are helpful to perpetuate the activities of the firms, but, they are subject to serious critics from the Jurisprudential, legal, economic and banking points of view in toto. Hence, in this applied survey, an attempt is made to criticize the current methods of restructuring of debts, viz-a-viz utilization of Analytic-Descriptive Approach thereto, and propound a new strategy for execution of restructuring process of non performing loans of banking system. The basic function of this strategy, is to use the diminishing partnership contract, under which the customer in this form of contract, will participate with banks for its owned portion of capital assets, and with condition of being authorized to use the partnership share of banks, he is obliged to pay the renting cost of asset and gradually purchase the partnership share of banks, ipso facto.This type of financing method can be implemented along with other existing contracts, or otherwise as an alternative in the banking system, quid pro qua.